Between the stock market, bitcoin, and tech IPOs, today everyone
seems in a race to spot the next biggest asset bubbles readying to pop.
The term "asset bubble" indicates that there is a marked, noticeable
divergence between the market price of an asset and its fundamental
value. In other words, something that people store value in - a coin, a
house, a share of stock - is valued much, much higher than the thing
itself could possibly be worth.
Bubbles usually end with crashes: double- or triple-digit percentage
losses in the price of the inflated asset over a very short time.
Bubbles - called "manias" prior to the 18th century - have probably
been around as long as people have wanted to get rich quickly.
The next biggest asset bubble to pop remains to be seen, but in order to break the top five, it has to be incredibly damaging.
Just take a look at the five biggest bubbles to ever exist, and the destruction they inflicted on the economy:
Five Biggest Asset Bubbles Ever
Asset Bubble #1: Tulipmania, 1636-1637.
The first asset bubble, the one everyone knows, started in the
Netherlands, and the asset involved was the harmless, beautiful tulip.
It's unclear exactly how this bubble got started, but it probably had
to do with the novelty of the flower. The tulip had only just been
introduced from the court of the Ottoman Sultan and was unique among
European flowers, at the time, for its vibrant, unadulterated color.
The tulip seems to have been a conspirator in its own bubble. The bulbs
take nearly a decade to mature, and only last a few years thereafter.
And then there was the "Tulip-breaking virus," which changes the
coloration of tulips, resulting in vivid striations in the normally
single-colored bloom. These infected bulbs were the focal point of the
speculative bubble. According to Charles Mackay's
Extraordinary Delusions and the Madness of Crowds,
a single bulb of the coveted "Viceroy," with a pattern of imperial
purple and white stripes, sold for between 3,000 and 4,100 guilders in
1636. The "Semper Augustus" - tulip growers often gave grandiose names
to their rare bulbs - sold for 1,000 guilders in the 1620s and 5,500
guilders in 1637, according to
The Economist. A skilled laborer, by contrast, might earn 150 guilders
in a year.
Economist Earl Thompson showed a 20-fold increase in the price of
tulip bulbs between November 1636 and February 1637. In February 1637,
though, buyers simply stopped showing up to routine auctions. Prices
collapsed, falling 20-fold between February and May 1637. The bubble
popped, but the Netherlands would continue to be a financial powerhouse
well into the 18th century.
Asset Bubble #2: South Seas Bubble, 1720.
The
South Seas Bubble - the first bubble actually called a "bubble" at the
time - grew out of a government's inability to manage its money. When
war broke out with Spain in 1718, the U.K. Parliament attempted to
consolidate about 30 million pounds in debt (about $6 billion in 2013
dollars) through the South Seas Company, a joint-stock company organized
to consolidate government debt and, occasionally, trade with South
America. The company agreed to do so, giving existing creditors shares
in the company in exchange for their debts from the government,
receiving as dividends shares of a 5% interest payment Parliament would
make to the company. New stock would be issued equal to the face value
of the debt. Share price increases above that would go to the company
for its profit and to pay a quarterly fee to the government. The scheme
was put into place in 1720. The Company rewarded its friends in
Parliament, offering them shares. But the company had no shares to
offer, as the debts had not yet been converted. Instead, it simply
promised the new shareholders the option to sell the nonexistent stock
back to the company at any time at market price, pocketing the
difference. The directors of the company set about inflating the share
price, making wildly exaggerated claims about the value of trade with
South America. In 1720, the price of South Seas Company stock went up
680% from 128 pounds to 1,000 pounds and fell to 150 pounds over the
course of nine months. The only thing underneath the bubble was the
exaggerated claims of the value of the South American trade made by the
South Seas Company's directors. Isaac Newton, who lost around 20,000
pounds, is reported to have said of the bubble, "I can calculate the
movement of the stars, but not the madness of men."
Asset Bubble #3: The Florida Land Boom - 1920-1926.
Florida
is many things: beautiful, warm, populous. But it is not rich in
stable, arable land for construction. Much of the state is a swamp, yet
in the heady days of post-World War I America, it was the place to make
a fortune in land. The boom swept down the east coast of Florida and
up the west. Entrepreneurs and hustlers laid out plans for
subdivisions, towns, and resorts to take advantage of the state's
undeveloped coast and interior. Stories of people getting rich from
Florida real estate flooded out of the state as people flooded in. According to Frederick Allen's 1931 book
Only Yesterday,
a plot in the center of Miami Beach bought for $800 in 1920 sold again
in 1925 for $150,000. Land bought for $240,000 in 1911 sold in 1920
for $800,000 and was parceled up and sold in 1921 for $1.5 million. The
vehicle for this asset inflation speculation was the "binder" - a piece
of paper representing a plot shown on a blueprint, and bought for 10%
down, with payments for the balance due beginning 30 days from the sale
date. These binders changed hands with remarkable velocity - most
people apparently bought them with the intention of turning around and
selling them well before the first payments came due. Advertisements
for real estate sales were so numerous that the
Miami Daily News
printed an issue 504 pages long. But the rapid growth put a massive
strain on the state's resources. Railroads embargoed imperishable goods
for fear that clogged rail lines would cause famine. Then, in January
1926, the schooner
Prinz Valdemar sank in Miami harbor,
completely blocking sea access for goods and people. This, in turn,
halted Florida's land boom - new construction could not progress
without materials, and new "investors" were not stepping off the boat.
Further, people still holding "binders" were defaulting on the payments
as they came due. In September 1926, a hurricane put the final kibosh
on Florida's boom, wiping out developed property and killing some 400
people.
Asset Bubble #4: The Roaring 'Twenties - 1922-1929.
The
stock market bubble and ensuing crash of the 1920s is the enduring
benchmark for all asset bubbles, speculative manias, and general
financial insanity since. It's also probably the second-best known on
this list - only recently displaced by the subprime housing bubble of
2002-2007. This one kicked off with the end of World War I: Massive
pent-up consumer demand drove purchases of radios, refrigerators,
automobiles, and other consumer products. An expansion of consumer credit
- buying on layaway and installment - increased demand for new
products and helped improve corporate earnings, which helped support
growing stock market prices. At the same time, the newly created Federal Reserve
Bank and relaxed restrictions on margin trading helped fuel rising
prices with easier credit for investors. Rising prices encouraged more
people to get into the stock market, which drove up share prices. The
most popular investments tended to center around new technology, like
automobiles, radios, and airplanes. In 1928 alone, radio stocks rose
400%. The stock market reached the peak of this boom in September 1929,
with the Dow Jones Industrial Average at 381.17, up 500% from 63 in
1921. Throughout September and October, the Dow would fall fitfully,
with occasional, brief recoveries. Then on Black Monday - Oct. 28, 1929
- it fell 12.8% to 260, and fell another 11% the next day to 230.07.
Between the peak in September, and the close on Oct. 29, 1929, the Dow
lost 40% of its value. The '29 crash is considered the beginning of the
Great Depression, and the Dow would not reach pre-crash levels until
well after World War II.
Asset Bubble #5: The Housing/Subprime Bubble.
It almost seems cruel to mark out the gory details of the most recent
popped bubble, as the global financial system is still on shaky ground,
six years after the bubble burst. Instead, here are the simple facts
of the case. Between 1997 and 2006, the price of the average American
home rose 124%. The ratio of median national home price to median
household income expanded from about 3.0 for the two decades prior to
2001 to 4.6 in 2006. Prices peaked in 2006, and, according to the
Case-Shiller index, fell 20% by 2008. At the same time, U.S.
foreclosures tripled to 300,000 as borrowers were unable to refinance
mortgages on properties whose value had fallen, but whose interest rate
had increased. Meanwhile, mortgages themselves had been rolled up,
monetized as mortgage-backed securities, and sold globally as
investment grade instruments, because no one misses mortgage payments,
ever. As the investments built around housing started to collapse along
with home prices, the complex web of financial bets disintegrated with
it, bursting the bubble and bringing the global economy to the brink
of destruction.
Asset bubbles, like bad pennies and worse monetary policy, are
always with us. They come and they go, leaving both wealth and
destitution in their wake.
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